The Guardian
‘Cities are
built with language’: how poetry feeds on urban life
·
Covers all kind of poetry
·
Tom Chivers ‘There is this energy and aggression
and speed in a city that lends itself to poetry – cities are built with poetry’
·
Inua Ellams ‘poems are 3D portraits of the World
using a few words as possible’
·
Hip hop – urban kind of poetry that has exploded
I the past 30 years; expresses the experience of black Americans
·
Ellam believes there urban poetry can relate to
other poetry with the example of ‘8 Mile’
Currently ‘Rhythm And Poetry’ is dominated through hip hop
which has developed its own stereotypes
and representations it has on people over the years. The typical ones
would be that rap is violent, abusive, racist etc. Poetry wasn’t always like this
as it says in the article it used to be an attraction for locals as it would
discuss issues and images in society. Furthermore, because the internet was a
mere shadow of other platforms like print and broadcast the poems were probably
be for locals distributed in newspapers and radios.
The Guardian
Female
rappers take a stand in Mexico’s capital of violence against women
·
Veteran rapper, Luz Reality, gets unnerved by
the constant threat of assaults in Ecatepec’s
clandestine concert venues
·
Woman was found burned on an empty patch of grass,
was still alive and told the police but died shortly after through injuries
·
Neighbourhood has become Mexico’s ‘capital of
violence against women’- since 2012 on average, one woman has been killed every
week
·
In one of the concerts, the rappers began
expressing their feelings about the crimes taking place of women so frequently
- people were recording it with their phones
·
Luz first heard about rap in the early 1990’s
which helped her connect with her family
Rap gives a voice to all kinds of people. The main group of
people that would come to mind is black people. We have seen through the years
the number of hip hop artists trying to tell a story, a real to life story
about the mistreatment of black people – police brutality. But this article
shows rap being used from a slightly alternative perspective. This is because it is women doing the
portraying and the audience in Mexico are the ones who would be the ones to
accept this change or not. The women just want equality in the dangerous
neighbourhood where women go missing on weekly bases which doesn’t seem like
much to ask for. I believe a political debate about this would not really
influence the people who are committing these crimes on the vulnerable women
because the article says police stay out of their way which suggests these
people are invincible. Therefore, rap allows these women to present their
feelings in a song and especially because they are big icons in Mexico it could
influence some of the people. In addition, Tesa Perkins’ theory can be applied to infer that
some stereotypes are true and the one being displayed in Mexico is that it is
an uncivilised country (some parts) and it could be the reason why some of them
decide to immigrate to the US.
Daily Mail
The hip hop
cop shop: Police opened fake rap music store and snared 30 gangsters for drugs
and gun offences
·
Police opened fake rap music store and snared 30
gangsters for drugs and gun offences
·
Total of 37 armed criminals and drug dealers have
been jailed for a total of more than 400 years
·
Private back room of a hip hop store
·
Shop operated for more than 12 months with
officers who were trained in the music they were selling
·
Criminals aged between 16 and 41 were charged
with various offences
·
The shop has a sound booth for people to record
music usually hip hop
·
19 of the 27 men were black
The fact that the police decided to use a ‘hip hop shop’ and
not anything else obviously highlights the association the genre has with
crime. These artists who rap about criminal activity have had an influence on
these people as they are criminals now or possibly were criminals before
listening to rap and are now able to relate with the artists (Uses and Gratification theory –
personal identity). Also, ideologies of black people being criminals and negatively
impacting the UK would be reinforced because of this investigation because 19
of the 27 pictured men are black. Despite the men holding firearms or drugs, we
could argue that hip hop was used to keep them off the streets so would be less
likely to use them. They weren’t harming anyone and no one’s life was in danger
so this could suggest they were being passive.
EMC (English & Media Centre)
Reading
Rap: how do people interpret music? Rapper David Aidoo’s article
·
Music able to bring people together whilst
simultaneously segregating us
·
Evident in social networking World of harsh
tweets or hash tags
·
There is an obvious generation gap between the
kids and the adults
·
Popular songs today have more power than before
as they dictate social circles, fashion trends, clubs people visit, new memes,
slang etc.
·
Prepubescent children being influenced because
mainstream music is branded as ‘brainwashing’
·
Music today lacks structure, taste and feeling
·
Basic interpretation comes from ‘How does this
(song) make me feel?’
·
He believes people wouldn’t be able to enjoy hip
hop songs if it’s hard to understand what the artists is saying
·
He believes majority of hip hop fans don’t even
understand the lyrics and he thought they just looked like chickens on a farm
bopping their heads
·
Elder generation have a tendency to blame rap
for the violence amongst youngsters
·
Is it the media that creates and reinforce
violent stereotypes or is it the media producers simply constructing a
reflection of society
This article demonstrates the way audiences in hip hop enjoy
their music. In some cases, which is similar to 80’s and 90’s rap, people
listen to rap songs for the lyrics and the feelings they build from what the
artists are saying. Considering that these rap songs were mostly associated
with violence, drugs and sex it could be the reason why people were influenced
into the criminal lifestyle. I can apply the Uses and Gratification theory to
infer that a few people constructed a personal relationship and/or personal
identification. This could be because those people probably lived similar lives
(in the ghetto) and have gone through the same struggles as their favourite
artists so may regard them as a role model performing the acts the rapper
glorifies in their song. Therefore, this could reinforce the stereotypes of rap
being a huge influence on people especially those without much hope (lacking
education) which could be black people as they are associated with this
representation in society mainly because of the link between them and the
ghetto – run down areas.
EMC (English & Media Centre)
Representation
in Rap - 50 Cent
·
50 is sexist, misogynistic, materialistic,
arrogant and proponent of violence as a solution to the many problems he comes
across in the ghetto. Shocking role model but he still has a healthy fan base
·
He stars in films, shows, computer game. Most of
these are successful and his audience seemed to enjoy the content he created
·
Need to view 50 Cent’s media texts in a
different perspective; consider the socio economic reality of black America
·
50 Cent’s behaviour is music videos is typical
of a black rapper and it reinforces the stereotypes people have formed on hip
hop and the black community – objectifying women
·
Article says, ‘no one would seriously confuse
the stage performance of most music stars with what goes on in their private
life’
·
The hustling, pimping and hoeing are all part of
a carefully controlled image designed to sell as many records as possible
·
His fans respect his grind and the work he put
in to escape the ghetto
This article shows a balanced viewing of the famous hip hop
artists, 50 Cent. It begins with the content he creates and the reaction from
his fan base to some of the discriminating and immoral scenes in his music
videos or computer game. I believe his audience wouldn’t be too fussed with the
explicit images on display because they like 50 unconditionally and it’s common
in the industry of gaming and music. For example, the way women are portrayed
in these videos can be disturbing to some people as he objectifies them
lyrically and physically. In addition to this, the audience are pleasured with
the women barely dressed in the videos (diversification)
Clay, A.
(2003).
Keepin’ it real.
Keepin’ it real: black
youth, hip hop culture and black identity.
46, 1346, June 1st,
1346 – 1351
Andreana Clay is an associate
professor in the department of sociology. In the article she wants to establish
the relationship between black youth and hip hop culture. She uses the idea of
African American youth relying on hip hop as a form of cultural capital in
everyday settings. They focused on how black youth would interact with one
another at the City Youth Centre and the article examines how this particular
form of cultural capital may be used to authenticate a black identity.
Bourdiue’s theory of cultural capital which discusses the conflicts which take
place in each social field have specific characteristics arising from those
fields and that involve many social relationships which are not economic. It is relied on to investigate how black youth
construct legitimate racial boundaries.
‘Hip hop music exploded onto the music scene in the late 70’s which
marked a time when both the black middle and working classes had been moving
out of poor, segregated black communities for two decades. As blacks moved out
of the inner city, drugs such as heroin and crack moved in’ - Page
1347.
This quote above from the article
heavily links the ghetto of now and the struggles black people face living
there. There seems to be a correlation between when rap was introduced and when
black people were improving living conditions. It suggests that in the 70’s
black people were blessed with the opportunity of being able to emerge into
another genre of music other than Mowtown which would help see them out of the
deprived areas in America. Hip hop was that genre from as late as the 70’s we
can see the association the genre of music has with black people and so the
automatic association of the two would be forever linked. This is why
representations and stereotypes hip hop vibes off to audiences would instantly
be generalised back to black people because it seems part of their culture now.
Also, we could assume the stereotypes of now and possibly ones of a few decades
ago would suggest black people are the main group of people that promote drug
use. This would be because of the self-representations they have constructed in
hip hop music videos where they are shown either rapping about rap, selling it
or using it. Despite this, the journal says that as the number of black moved
out the city an obvious substitution had taken place with different types of
drugs being imported in. Therefore, the stereotype is subverted because less
black people lived in the inner city yet there was an increase in drugs coming
in. However, I don’t believe this would change most people’s ideologies of
black people and drugs because of the influences around them like the news. For
example, the news would be less likely to report that drugs is increasing in
the inner city as black people move out because it would not sit right with
preferred readings of white middle and upper class citizens. The hypodermic
needle model can be applied to suggest media is feeding its audience with news
they want people to believe and to construct views and values based on what
these news institutes report. So when news channels inform people of drug use
they would be most likely to associate it with a hip hop news story or linking
drugs with a famous rapper or black musician. In addition, the two step flow
model can be applied with this quote because if people aren’t being informed on
specific news like negativity amongst white people and drugs. So opinion
leaders like news institutes would be able to control what values they share.
‘Rap music’s evolution in cities such as New York spoke to black and
Latino youth who were being channelled into vocationally trained and
subsequently obsolete jobs, giving them both hope and recognition by telling
their stories.’ – page 1348
This quote reinforces the
stereotype of the ghetto and the struggle ethnic minority groups’ face when
trying to better their lives. Most audiences assume these hip hop artists
derive from deprived areas where education isn’t a vocal point for improvement
and jobs won’t be converted into careers. If we consider the ideologies white
people mainly have/had of immigrants, we would assume they don’t respect or
value them because they may feel they don’t provide help for the country.
However, black and Latinos are more willing to do blue collar jobs which white
people may be reluctant to do because it won’t lead to promotions or a better life.
In relation with hip hop, some of the immigrants and foreigners decided to
choose the path of music. They would then work hard and grind to become
successful in the music industry which subverts the ideologies and values of
constructed about them (e.g. being lazy, not helping economy). Moral panics are
created because of opinion leaders like news institutes exaggerating news
stories about ethnic minorities in rap. For example, right wing newspaper (The
Daily Mail) was very critical about Plan B’s film and album ‘Ill Manors’
because of the genre of the media content. They wanted its audience to have a
preferred reading of the story so negatively criticised the news story and the
hip hop genre. Furthermore, the moral panic was formed with the newspaper discussing
the influence the content would have on young people especially because the
music video and film included many young people and of ethnic minority groups
(black, eastern European).
‘Exactly how hip hop culture maps out these real and imagined
relations between people and the tools used to bring people together is an
important question to explore in the discussion of black youth identity,
cultural capital and hip hop culture’. – Page 1349.
This quote is trying to explore
how hip hop has constructed particular representations of black people and the
influence it has had on this group of people. It also is used to interpret how
rap has improved black culture and the image it has given black people. Something
significant from the quote is ‘how hip hop culture maps out these real and
imagined relations between people and tools’ because it suggests some of the
representations made in rap may be fiction just like a films narrative would
be. This means that some of the lyrics used and actor’s behaviour in hip hop
music videos may be utilised just to show off and create images of them which
aren’t true. This is where some stereotypes of rappers can be subverted because
a rapper who claims to be a ‘killer’ may actually not have committed a
significant crime like that or on that scale in their lives. Therefore,
negative stereotypes and ideologies are formed based on what audiences see
which links back to the hypodermic needle model because audiences believe what
they see through the media. So, ‘tools’ like guns, drugs and other illegal or
suspicious assets these artists like to show off with in music videos will
forever be associated with hip hop and black people.
Furthermore, it brings the black
community together because they may feel they are connected with something that
has healthy numbers and it’s of their interest.
Especially for black youth and the ones who live in deprived areas like
council flats or ghetto and gang affiliated places. Young people want to be
part of communities because social life is important to them and hip hop is a
way of connecting with others because it is associated with being ‘cool’ which
young people aspire to be. This could be one of the reasons why news
institutions create moral panic amongst youth and hip hop because they fear
they are being influenced by the content rap artists are producing. As black
people are heavily linked with hip hop, audiences watching the news would be
more likely to generalise the representations of hip hop with black people.
Study was carried out by Clay
with young African Americans who were put in a room to socialise and play
games. Informal interviews were carried out based out whether they listen to
hip hop, here are responses (page 1352):
·
16 year old male Corey, ‘I listen to hip hop
music at home, at school, I go to sleep with it’
·
16 year old female Linda, ‘They ain’t ‘bout
it if they don’t listen to it’
·
15 year old male Lavelle, ‘I don’t know who
don’t listen to it, my Grandma listens to that Church rap’
·
16 year old Michelle, ‘the Mexican people in
my class listen to it’
‘There also was constant
pressure to perform: to have the right clothes, listen to the right music and
speak the right language – all of which were based on hip hop’ – Page 1351.
This finding shows the major
influence hip hop is having on youth because they are copying what they see in
the genre. This can be dangerous because these artists mainly express the
methods of making money, finding pleasure or dealing with people they dislike. All
of which are illegal or immoral which could increase the crime rate if more
people become more gullible. Linda’s response is alternative to the
one I thought a female would give. Her response is basically stating that if
people aren’t interested in hip hop then they aren’t a real gangster. My
question to her would be, how do you know this is true? It just shows the
significance hip hop has on people because she’s suggesting if a person hasn’t
been indulged their self in this type of music then they aren’t masculine and
can’t live a life of criminality. Therefore, the influence of hip hop is
powerful.
Uses and Gratification theory can be applied to the song
because audiences may use the song for any of the four factors: diversion,
personal identity, personal relationship and surveillance.
People use music to block themselves out from the real world. This is
where pleasure is used by the audience and its called diversion as they attempt
to escape into a imaginary life.
Personal identity in this context is when audiences are be able to see
their lifestyle being reflected through the lyrics or the music video itself.
Seen as the target audience for the song is black males, some people's
ideologies would suggest that all the audience of the song are criminals and
would be able to relate to the artists but only on a smaller scale (maybe not
as wealthy).
Finally, surveillance is when people educate themselves through media
content. This may be more relevant to people of younger ages as they aspire to
be as rich as their favourite rapper and would try to 'hustle' like the artists
highlight in the song. Tessa
Perkins' theory can
be applied to suggest some of the stereotypes of black people is true because
it’s being reinforced in the music video. The rappers are smoking and acting in
an anti social manor so would reinforce some of the ideologies created by the
media and people from upper classes. The
hypodermic needle is when
media influences people's thinking; media content is given to recipient and
they are left to believe what they see. So this can be applied to the song as
the artists are stressing the amount of money, garments and women they have
which may seem realistic in the eyes of youngsters. This would influence them
to become criminals and try to sell drugs and earn money fast like these
artists when it probably isn't as easy as they say it is in their songs.
Furthermore, the ghetto is heavily linked with hip hop and the people who come
from it are usually people black from lower classes with a low disposable
income. This could be the main reason why they turn to crime and hip hop. They
would fit under strugglers in the psychographic table because they don't have much
wealth or hope and standard of living is poor.
Hip hop is and has always caused controversy because of the influence it
is having on people. It glorifies all types of crimes which have had an impact
on some people and gangsters use hip hop as a form of communicating with their
enemies. This is why the genre has bad smoke surrounding its because people who
don't like the genre scare themselves away from it and the media (news
institutions aren't helping). News institutions like the Daily Mail (right
wing) want to cause a moral panic when it comes to the rise of hip hop and the ethnic
minority who promote it. In addition, 'Black Lives Matter' is a campaign that
has been generated over the past year because of the increasing numbers of
injustice killings by police (mainly in America) on African Americans. It was
created to create awareness and because black people of America were frustrated
with the killings inflicted on their people. Hip hop has also attempted to make
itself recognised through the artists recording songs stressing theirs and
other people's pain. Artists like Kendrick Lamar and J. Cole are the rap
artists who try to be influential and display the perspective of inferior
ideologies which has given black people a voice. The methods of
distribution of songs have altered in the past decade for sure because of the
rise in new and digital media. This has led to easier and free ways of
audiences being able to obtain music they want through illegal downloading
websites which has meant these artists aren't making as much money as they
would in the past. However, it could play into the artist's hands because their
fan base could increase significantly because audiences would be able to listen
to their music for free and if they enjoy it may attend the artist's concerts
or buy albums. Furthermore, I don't believe it would affect these musicians
that much because some could suggest they make their biggest profits through
their illegal activities rather than the music industry. It is probably used a
source for recognition and extra money.
Akademiks D.J.
(2015).
ASAP Rocky under
fire for “let’s talk about black on black crime” comments.
[Internet].
DJ Akademiks,
YouTube.
· Rapper ASAP Rocky talks about how people who are for the black lives
matter movement aren’t looking in the mirror at themselves
· He wants black people specifically to question whether they are against
white people killing black people or if they want to abolish killing as a whole
· For example, when a police officer kills a black person there is a
protest and ‘mixtapes’ are formed. But when its one black person killing
another black person its a way of life (gangster/ghetto lifestyle)
· These rappers are the ones talking about killing others and glorify it
but want to make songs about justice
· Specific rappers can only protest in a song without audiences
questioning the artists
· If rappers aren’t reciting a party line like ‘F*** COPS’ or ‘Black Lives
Matter’, then people may not respect the artists. They may feel the artist is
betraying the black community or siding with the police. Also occurred with
Kendrick Lamar
I side both with the people for the campaign and ASAP Rocky to an
extent. I do believe these gangsters need to understand constantly killing
people isn’t reflecting positively on black people as a whole. This is because
these people are the ones reported in the news on a weekly basis trying to
create a moral panic and reinforce white people of middle and upper class’
ideologies and beliefs on black people. Therefore, some of them form
stereotypes of the ethnic minority in the US or UK and generalise it amongst
all black people. So ASAP Rocky is right in a sense because black people need
to show the World that they shouldn’t be feared because they have done nothing
wrong. However, the fact that some black people are letting down the black
community shouldn’t result in all black people being treated as criminals by
the police and justice system. It’s not right that police abuse their authority
and are killing these innocent people. Therefore, some rappers feel the need to
express their and the community’s emotion on the matter through songs. Artists
like Kendrick Lamar and J Cole are known for giving black people a voice
because they all feel the same on the injustice behaviour by the police. Also,
I don’t believe artists like these two are being hypocritical because they
don’t promote gun violence or glorify killing like most rappers do.
Dionne, P.
(2007).
Hip hop honey or video ho
African American preadolescents’ understanding of female sexual scripts
in hip hop culture
251, 1,
1-2
‘Among males aged 12 -18, the rates of sexual activity and sexually
transmitted diseases are highest among African American, followed by Latinos
and Euro-Americans’. – Page 1/2
This finding may not have been
created because of the influence hip hop has on youth but the culture amongst
black people could be the reason for this. This means that I believe hip hop
has an impact on the way black people and its audience act and it has directly
affected the young males this way. For example, hip hop is well known for
explicit music videos and lyrics which objectify women and express the
pleasures the artists have out of having these women all over them. These young
black males could have easily be influenced by this if that’s part of their
interest and may begin to copy the artists in music videos in the way they
treat women. This would then reinforce
the stereotype created by audiences of hip hop artists and black people in
general objectifying women because the young people believe they should be
getting involved in sexual activity like their favourite artists gloat about.
Carol, M.
(2008)
The global hip hop Diaspora
Understanding the culture
1
‘Hip Hop culture influences styles of behaviour and dress: from sagging
pants to oversized tees, hip hop style is important business venture for the
not only the recording industry, but also clothing, fashion, accessories and
beauty industries worldwide. For example, the fashion of droopy, oversized
pants, baseball caps and Nike sneakers are leading style for teenage boys in
the United States, Tokyo’. – Page 1/2
This quote is a positive
reflection of hip hop and the opportunities it provides businesses can be
profitable. From the business’ perspective their products are being promoted
free of charge at times because of these artists showing them off in music
videos or social media. For example, specific clothing brands which are of the
luxurious range and cars which are niche like Rolls Royce. Despite this, some
artists see this as a chance to gain more revenue themselves off of these businesses
and so would endorse the products for money (Meek Mill –rapper- associated with
Puma). However, there always seems to be something unattractive coming out of
hip hop which in this case is the influence the artist’s behaviour is having on
young people. The sagging of the jeans had been transferred onto the audience
of the genre because they are obviously copying what they see in music videos
which would negatively impact the views and ideologies white people of middle
and upper class have on people wearing their clothes in this way (ethnic
minority – black people).
In addition, the artist's appearance in the song reinforces the
stereotype of the way most young black males wear their bottoms (jeans). The
stereotype would be along the lines of assuming youngsters believe its 'cool'
to lower the height of their jeans revealing their boxers. This has been
associated with young black males for many years now and its not anything they
wish to hide as proven in this song. For example, one of the artists sits on a
car bonnet with his draws showing which suggests he knows about people's view
of this style of fashion but he doesn't seem to care. This implies his
character is very laid back as he does what he wants and because he is a rapper
we would assume he disregards the law also.
‘In addition to serving as a form of entertainment, some musicians
used hip hop to “channel the anger of young people in the South Bronx away from
gang fighting’. – Page 3
This quote explains how hip hop
was used in New York to decrease crime and positively influence youth. In
contrast with what hip hop is now, it is completely the opposite because these
artists encourage others to find ways to become successful no matter and show
off their success as a way of brainwashing their young audiences. The
hypodermic needle model can be applied here because these young audiences would
be more interested in acquiring money even if it’s illegal route and this is
evident because the young people of the 80’s and 90’s didn’t listen to rappers
advice of stopping gang warfare. The
representations in this music video varies and it depends on the viewer of the
content. An audience who wouldn't be too familiar with hip hop currently may
not know certain items, phrases, places, people associated with the genre so
would miss the opportunity to discover some representations and stereotypes in
the music video. An example of this would be the representation of rappers now
compared to the ones of the 90's and 80's. In this era of hip hop, artists are
portrayed to be less masculine in the eyes of hip hop fans mainly because of
their appearance. Some of these artists have caused controversy in the industry
with their wild dress sense or false claims in lyrics. It has fans wondering
whether these rappers are really 'gangsters' or if they are just actors.
However, an oppositional reader would assume hip hop artists are the same and
there should be a moral panic about them. In the music video 'Plug' the artists
are displayed in a masculine way which is still familiar with the genre but the
definition has slightly changed from being menacing to more of a hype
feeling.
Parish, N.
(2016).
Female rappers take a stand in Mexico’s capital of violence against women
[Internet].
Nathaniel Parish Flannery,
The Guardian
·
Veteran rapper, Luz Reality, gets
unnerved by the constant threat of assaults in Ecatepec’s clandestine concert
venues
·
Woman was found burned on an empty
patch of grass, was still alive and told the police but died shortly after
through injuries
·
Neighbourhood has become Mexico’s
‘capital of violence against women’- since 2012 on average, one woman has been
killed every week
·
In one of the concerts, the rappers
began expressing their feelings about the crimes taking place of women so
frequently - people were recording it with their phones
·
Luz first heard about rap in the
early 1990’s which helped her connect with her family
Rap gives a voice to all kinds of people. The main group of people that
would come to mind is black people. We have seen through the years the number
of hip hop artists trying to tell a story, a real to life story about the
mistreatment of black people – police brutality. But this article shows rap
being used from a slightly alternative perspective. This is because it is women
doing the portraying and the audience in Mexico are the ones who would be the
ones to accept this change or not. The women just want equality in the
dangerous neighbourhood where women go missing on weekly bases which doesn’t
seem like much to ask for. I believe a political debate about this would not
really influence the people who are committing these crimes on the vulnerable
women because the article says police stay out of their way which suggests
these people are invincible. Therefore, rap allows these women to present their
feelings in a song and especially because they are big icons in Mexico it could
influence some of the people. In addition, Tessa Perkins’ can be applied to infer that some
stereotypes are true and the one being displayed in Mexico is that it is an
uncivilised country (some parts) and it could be the reason why some of them
decide to immigrate to the US.
Kitwana, B.
(ed.)
(2002).
The hip hop generation: young blacks and the crisis in African American
culture
Bakari Kitwana
‘Understanding the new crises in African American culture that have
come about in my generation’s lifetime high rates of suicide and imprisonment,
police brutality, the generation gap, the war of sexes, blacks selling black
self hatred as entertainment, among others I often wonder what life will be
like for the generation of African Americans that follows .’
This discusses the self
representation black people have made of themselves which is impacting their
image. These representations will be taken on by others and applied to black
people now because they have formed them their selves. For example, rappers who
claim to be killers are creating negative stereotypes of black people as a
whole because people would then generalise what these artists are saying. So
black people will be find it hard to escape from these representations if they
are being reinforced or supported by black people.
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